Perinatal varicella.
نویسنده
چکیده
with fewer repetitions. Formal physical therapy may be indicated for severe injuries. Other treatment modalities include whirlpool therapy, ultrasound, or soft tissue massage. Although rarely indicated, surgery may be indicated for patients with severe sprains or elite athletes who are likely to have repeated joint stresses. Patients can return to play once full, painless range of motion and full strength are obtained and the athlete is able to perform sport-specific tasks. Athletes who return to play with persistent pain and swelling are at risk for reinjury. Athletes playing high-risk sports will benefit from bracing or taping to prevent recurrent injury and improve proprioception. Although the prognosis for sprains generally is very good with adequate treatment and rehabilitation, complications can include stiffness from prolonged immobilization, recurrent instability, or osteochondral defects. Persistent pain for more than 6 to 8 weeks after an injury may indicate a need for further imaging to rule out a fracture. Indications for referral to an orthopedist include fracture, dislocation, subluxation, syndesmosis injury (high-ankle sprain), tendon rupture, intra-articular wound, hand injuries, and neurovascular compromise. Clinicians should remind patients to wear appropriate helmets, protective padding, wrist guards, and high-top shoes or lace-up braces to prevent injuries. Comments: When last we published an In Brief on sprains in 2008, the Ottawa Ankle Rules, which provide indications for radiography in patients with trauma to the ankle, had been well validated only for adults. No surprise that studies involving children were late to come, but, at last, patients no longer have to be old enough to vote for the Rules to apply. As Drs Canares and Lockhart report, the Rules have been validated for children older than 6 years, covering the great majority of pediatric patients with ankle injuries and allowing us to safely reduce their exposure to radiation.
منابع مشابه
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عنوان ژورنال:
- Pediatrics in review
دوره 34 1 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2013